Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Physicochemical properties of blank and amphotericin B (AmB)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro release profiles of AmB from chitosan nanoparticles at 37 °C. ( A ) AmB-CH-Dex in PBS (pH of 5, 6.5 or 7.5) and mouse (BALB/c) plasma, ( B ) AmB-CH-TPP in PBS (pH of 5, 6.5 or 7.5) and mouse (BALB/c) plasma. ( C ) A comparison of AmB release from AmB solution, AmB-CH-TPP and AmB-CH-Dex nanoparticles in PBS at pH 5 and 7.5. Data expressed as mean +/− SD (experiment was reproduced three times with confirmed similar data). AmB-CH-TPP size = 69 ± 8 nm and AmB-CH-Dex size = 174 ± 8 nm.

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques: In Vitro

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro activity of chitosan formulations against intracellular Leishmania amastigotes at two pH values.

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques: In Vitro, Activity Assay

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: AmB nanoparticles efficacy in the lesion cure model in BALB/c mice infected with luciferase-expressing L. major parasites. L. major infected mice were allocated into 8 groups: (G1) represents untreated infected group, (G2) paromomycin as a positive control (50 mg/kg/QD for 10 days; i.p.), (G3) AmBisome ® as a comparison group (10 mg/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.), (G4) CH-TPP nanoparticles (mass of nanoparticles in the blank formulations reflected the related AmB-loaded ones) (QAD for 10 days; i.v.), (G5) AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles (5 mg of AmB/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.), (G6) CH-Dex nanoparticles (mass of nanoparticles in the blank formulations reflected the related AmB-loaded ones) (QAD for 10 days; iv), (G7) AmB-CH-Dex nanoparticles (10 mg of AmB/kg/one dose; i.v.), 24 h after the first (and only) dose of the formulation, the mice looked unwell with piloerection and weight loss, therefore data of G7 are not represented in the figure or (G8) the nanoparticles vehicle (distilled water, QAD for 10 days; i.v.). QAD: every other day, QD: once a day. The average lesion size and parasite load represent the mean ± SD. One way-ANOVA for parasite load (bioluminescence signal), parasite load (qPCR) and repeated measures for lesion size followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison tests was used to compare outcomes among the groups. A p -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant ((*) p < 0.05, (**) p > 0.05 and (***) p < 0.05). ( A ) represents mean lesion size progression in function of time since the start of treatment, ( B ) represents the % reduction in lesion size compared with G1 (untreated infected group) at day 10, ( C ) represents the bioluminescence signal in function of time since the start of treatment, ( D ) represents the bioluminescence signal compared with G1 (untreated infected group) at day 10, ( E ) represents the parasite load (qPCR-DNA) at day 10 and ( F ) represents the % reduction in the parasite load (qPCR) compared with G1 (untreated infected group) at day 10.

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques: Infection, Luciferase, Expressing, Positive Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multiple dose skin pharmacokinetics of AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles and AmBisome. L. major -infected BALB/c mice received intravenous doses of AmBisome (G3, 10 mg/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.) and AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles (G5, 5 mg of AmB/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.). 24 h after the last dosing, AmB levels in skin were determined. The CL lesion was localized on the rump, while the back skin of same mice was used as lesion-free, healthy control site. Each point represents the mean and standard error of the mean ( n = 5 per group). ( A ) represents intralesional AmB and ( B ) represents a comparison between infected and uninfected skin AmB concentration. The data represent the mean ± standard error. ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison tests was used to compare outcomes among the groups. A p -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant ((*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques: Infection, Concentration Assay

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: AmB nanoparticles efficacy in the lesion cure model in BALB/c mice infected with luciferase-expressing L. major parasites. L. major infected mice were allocated into 7 groups: (G1) represents untreated infected group, (G2) paromomycin as a positive control (50 mg/kg/QD for 10 days; i.p.), (G3) AmBisome ® as a comparison group (10 mg/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.), (G4) AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles (5 mg of AmB/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.), (G5) AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles (2.5 mg of AmB/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.), (G6) AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles (1.25 mg of AmB/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.) and (G7) CH-TPP nanoparticles (nanoparticles mass being equivalent to that in animals receiving the 5 mg/kg dose) (QAD for 10 days; i.v.). The average lesion size and parasite load represent the mean ± SD. One-way-ANOVA for parasite load (bioluminescence signal), parasite load (qPCR) and repeated measures for lesion size followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison tests was used to compare outcomes among the groups. A p -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant ((*) p < 0.05, (**) p > 0.05, (***) p < 0.05 and (****) p > 0.05). ( A ) represents mean lesion size progression in function of time since the start of treatment, ( B ) represents the % reduction in lesion size compared with G1 (untreated infected group) at day 10, ( C ) represents the bioluminescence signal in function of time since the start of treatment, ( D ) represents the bioluminescence signal compared with G1 (untreated infected group) at day 10, ( E ) represents the parasite load (qPCR-DNA) at day 10 and ( F ) represents the % reduction in the parasite load (qPCR) compared with G1 (untreated infected group) at day 10.

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques: Infection, Luciferase, Expressing, Positive Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reduction lesion size and parasite load measured using bioluminescence and qPCR in treated groups compared to untreated group.

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multiple dose skin pharmacokinetics of AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles and AmBisome ® . L. major -infected BALB/c mice received intravenous doses of AmBisome ® (G3, 10 mg/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.), AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles (G4, 5 mg of AmB/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.), AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles (G5, 2.5 mg of AmB/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.) and AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles (G6, 1.25 mg of AmB/kg/QAD for 10 days; i.v.). Then, 24 h after the last dosing, AmB levels in skin were determined. The CL lesion was localized on the rump, while the back skin of same mice used as lesion-free, healthy control site. Each point represents the mean and standard error of the mean ( n = 5 per group). ( A ) represents intralesional AmB, ( B ) outcomes are linked in a logarithmic scale dose–response curve plotting drug concentrations against relative reduction in lesion size and parasite load measured using bioluminescence and qPCR. The data represent the mean ± standard error. ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison tests was used to compare outcomes among the groups. A p -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant ((*) p < 0.05 and (**) p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: The cumulative amount of AmB permeated per surface area (μg/cm 2 ) through uninfected BALB/c mouse skin ( n = 5) and L. major infected BALB/c mouse skin ( n = 5). Infected skin was more permeable to both types of AmB-loaded chitosan nanoparticles than uninfected skin ( p < 0.05 by using repeated measures ANOVA). The use of AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles enhanced AmB penetration through both healthy and infected skin compared to AmB-CH-Dex nanoparticles ( p < 0.05 by using repeated measures ANOVA). AmB-CH-TPP nanoparticles (Size = 65 ± 8 nm, Zeta potential = 25.5 ± 1 mV) or AmB-CH-Dex nanoparticles (Size = 170 ± 8 nm, Zeta potential = −13 ± 1 mV).

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Flux, lag time and the permeability coefficient (kp) for AmB-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques: Permeability, Infection

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

doi: 10.3390/molecules25174002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Disposition of topically applied AmB from formulations following permeation experiment using healthy and L. major infected mouse skin.

Article Snippet: Additionally, our EC 50 values against L. major and L. mexicana amastigotes were in accordance with another report that found the EC 50 values of chitosan-coated AmB-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (158.9 ± 7.1 nm, positive charge), AmBisome ® and deoxycholate AmB were 0.022 ± 0.07, 0.086 ± 0.04 and 0.253 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani amastigotes infecting the mouse macrophage cell line J774 A.1 after 72 h of incubation [ ].

Techniques: Infection